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The Whole World is on the verge of crisis because of the nuclear arms race that was an unbridled arms race competition for claiming supremacy in nuclear warfare between the United States,USSR,and their respective allies during the Cold War period is escalating due to the China's low-yield test at Lop Nur site Lupi nar test,in violation of its Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) undertakings. These types of circumstances had created an escalating situation of brinkmanship in full fledged manner among the global powers to viying for become superpower.During this very period,in addition to the American and Soviet nuclear stockpiles,other countries developed nuclear weapons in the era of nuclear age,though none engaged in warhead production on nearly the same scale as the two superpowers.
The first nuclear weapon was created by the U.S.A with the help of Manhattan Project during the Second World War and was developed to be used against the Axis powers (Germany,Italy,Japan).With the help of espionage scientists of the Soviet Union were aware of the potential of nuclear weapons and had also been conducting research on the field but eventually U.S.A got success and became superpower after dropping nuclear bomb on japan and disintegration of USSR.In August 1945, on Truman's orders,two atomic bombs were dropped and detonated on Japanese cities. The first bomb was dropped on Hiroshima named little boy,and the second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki named Fatman by the B-29 bombers named Enola Gay and Bockscar respectively.As USA and USSR both fought the World War-II together but USA didn't believe on USSR for the Nuclear weapon's techniques.Shortly after the end of the Second World War in 1945, the United Nations was founded.During the United Nation's first General Assembly in London in January 1946,they discussed the future of Nuclear Weapons and created the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission.The main objective of this assembly was to eliminate the use of all Nuclear weapons.The United States presented their solution,which was called the Baruch Plan.This plan proposed that there should be an international authority that controls all dangerous atomic activities.The Soviet Union disagreed with this proposal and rejected it.The Soviets' proposal involved universal nuclear disarmament.Both the American and Soviet proposals were refused by the UN.The Soviet’s launch of the first Sputnik satellite on October 4,1957,stunned and concerned the United States and the rest of the world, as it took the Cold War arms race soon became the Space Race.
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| US-Russian's Nuclear arms comparison |
For decades,a complete ban on nuclear testing was seen as the necessary first step towards curbing the nuclear arms race but Cold War politics and indifference made it impossible.A Partial Test Ban Treaty was concluded in 1963 banning underwater and atmospheric tests but this only opened a new avenue for testing underground.CTBT negotiations began in Geneva in 1994 changed global politics,that was a watershed moment.The Cold War had ended and the nuclear arms race was over.The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics USSR,had broken up into 15 constituent or union republics.
CTBT negotiations were often contentious among countries.France and China continued testing without hesitation. claiming that they had conducted far fewer tests as compared to USA and Russia ,needed to validate new designs since the CTBT did not imply an end to nuclear deterrence.France and the U.S.A even toyed with the idea of a CTBT that would permit testing at a low threshold,below 500 tonnes of TNT equivalent.This was one-thirtieth of the “Little Boy”,the bomb the U.S. dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 its explosive yield was estimated to be the equivalent of 15,000 tonnes of TNT.Civil society and the non-nuclear weapon states felt consternation, they reacted condemned to such an idea and it was dropped.Some countries proposed that the best way to verify a comprehensive test ban would be to permanently shut down all test sites.But again it was an idea that was unwelcome to the nuclear weapon states.Accordingly,the CTBT prohibits all parties from carrying out “any nuclear weapon test explosion or any other nuclear explosion”; these terms are neither defined nor elaborated.
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| Hydrogen Bomb |
Why it lacks authority?
Another controversy arose regarding the entry-into-force provisions (Article 14) of the treaty.After India’s proposals for anchoring the CTBT in a disarmament framework did not find acceptance,in June 1996,India announced its decision to withdraw from the negotiations.Unhappy at this turn,the U.K.,China and Pakistan took the lead in revising the entry-into-force provisions.The new provisions listed 44 countries by name whose ratification was necessary for the treaty to enter into force and included India.India protested that this attempt at arm-twisting violated a country’s sovereign right to decide if it wanted to join a treaty but was ignored.The CTBT was adopted by a majority vote and opened for signature.Of the 44 listed countries,to date only 36 have ratified the treaty.China, Egypt, Iran, Israel and the U.S.A are the signatory but they have not ratified CTBT.China maintains that it will only ratify it after the U.S. does so but the Republican dominated Senate had rejected it in 1999.In addition,North Korea,India and Pakistan are the three who have not signed.All three have also undertaken tests after 1996; India and Pakistan in May 1998 and North Korea six times between 2006 and 2017.The main cause of concern is that the CTBT has therefore not entered into force and lacks legal authority.Therefore compliance of CTBT by countries is not compelling.
Imminent Competition is back
The key change from the 1990s is that the U.S.’s unipolar moment is over and strategic competition among major powers is back. The U.S. now identifies Russia and China as ‘rivals’.Its Nuclear Posture Review asserts that the U.S. faces new nuclear threats because both Russia and China are increasing their reliance on nuclear weapons.The U.S.,therefore,has to expand the role of its nuclear weapons and have a more usable and diversified nuclear arsenal.The Trump administration has embarked on a 30-year modernisation plan with a price tag of $1.2 trillion,which could go up over the years.Trump's stance is posing a new age threat to the globe.Readiness levels at the Nevada test site that has been silent since 1992 are being enhanced to permit resumption of testing at six months notice.U.S.'s brinkmanship stance and vested interest are ominous sign.
Russia and China have been concerned about the U.S.’s growing technological lead particularly in missile defence and conventional global precision-strike capabilities.Development of ICBM(Intercontinental Ballistic missile) which can carry neuclear warheads has created a give a boost in this prevailing arms race.Russia has responded by exploring hypersonic delivery systems and theatre systems while China has embarked on a modernisation programme to enhance the survivability of its arsenal which is considerably smaller.In addition, both countries are also investing heavily in offensive cyber capabilities to strike down their adversaries.
Conclusive remarks
The new U.S. report stops short of accusing China for a violation but refers to “a high level of activity at the Lop Nur test site throughout 2019” and concludes that together with its lack of transparency, China provokes concerns about its intent to observe the zero-yield moratorium on testing.After world war -2 Einstein was dismayed as the two superpowers seemed to closer to nuclear war(U.S.A and USSR) .He convinced that only way to prevent the annihilation of humankind was to prevent all future wars because any escalating tension among countries could lead them on the verge nuke.Einstein dedicated himself to the cause of nuclear disarmament,till he breathed his last."The war is won", he said in December 1945,"but the peace is not. " the development of nuclear arms and subsequent arms race among countries usherd in a new conflict.
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